Abstract

The present article addresses the impact of arbitrary-shaped holes in plates composed of function- ally graded materials (FGMs). A modeling strategy is developed that avoids the need for remesh- ing around internal hole boundaries. The numerical formulation combines the level set method with the extended finite element method (X-FEM), where the finite element approximation is en- hanced by enrichment functions through the partition of unity framework. The level set approach is employed to accurately capture complex hole geometries. Numerical case studies demonstrate the precision and robustness of the proposed methodology, showing that the discrepancies in displacement and stress concentration factor between the proposed and reference methods are below 1.3%, thereby confirming the accuracy of the model.